The fastest way is to enter your world seed into the interactive seed-map finder on this page, which plots the exact coordinates of every Desert Village so you can travel straight to one. In-game on Java Edition you can also run the command /locate structure minecraft:village_desert to get the nearest village's coordinates.
Desert Villages only generate in desert biomes, where their buildings are made of sandstone and smooth sandstone. Villages are fairly common but spread out: in Java Edition they use an average spacing of about 34 chunks (roughly 544 blocks) with a minimum of 8 chunks between attempts, so you often have to travel before finding one in a desert.
A Desert Village can include houses, farms, a well, and profession buildings like the weaponsmith, toolsmith, and armorer, plus a small temple that serves as the cleric's job site and, uniquely among village variants, generates with a loot chest. Because there is no natural water, crops do not grow easily, and desert house chests are notable for carrying items like cactus and dead bushes.
